Reference

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## Reference

### Parsers and combinators provided by the library

#### Parsers

##### Character

- alphanum
- digit
- letter
- lit
- lit_c
- one_char
- one_char_except
- one_char_except_c
- range
- range_c
- space

##### Numeric

- digit_val
- int_

##### Whitespace

- space
- spaces

##### Validation and error reporting

- empty
- fail

##### Miscellaneous

- keyword
- return_

#### Combinators

##### Validation and error reporting

- accept_when
- change_error_message
- entire_input
- except
- fail_at_first_char_expected
- transform_error
- transform_error_message

##### Repetition

See the Repetition section of the User Manual for a detailed comparison of the most common repetition combinators.

Cheat-sheet for choosing among the `fold*` parsers.

- foldl
- foldl1
- foldl_reject_incomplete
- foldl_reject_incomplete1
- foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser
- foldl_start_with_parser
- foldr
- foldr1
- foldr_reject_incomplete
- foldr_reject_incomplete1
- foldr_start_with_parser
- iterate
- iterate_c
- repeated
- repeated1
- repeated_reject_incomplete
- repeated_reject_incomplete1
- repeated_one_of
- repeated_one_of1

##### Selection

- if_
- one_of
- one_of_c
- optional
- repeated_one_of
- repeated_one_of1

##### Sequence

- first_of
- last_of
- middle_of
- nth_of
- nth_of_c
- sequence
- sequence_apply

##### Result transformation (semantic actions)

- always
- always_c
- transform

##### Miscellaneous

- grammar
- look_ahead
- token

### Compile-time data structures and values

#### Result of parsing

- accept
- get_message
- get_position
- get_remaining
- get_result
- is_error
- reject

#### Source position

- get_col
- get_line
- get_prev_char
- next_char
- next_line
- source_position
- source_position_tag
- start

### String

- string
- string_tag
- BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING

### Errors

- digit_expected
- end_of_input_expected
- expected_to_fail
- index_out_of_range
- letter_expected
- literal_expected
- none_of_the_expected_cases_found
- unexpected_character
- unexpected_end_of_input
- unpaired
- whitespace_expected

### Tags

- accept_tag
- fail_tag
- source_position_tag

### Utilities

- build_parser
- debug_parsing_error
- BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR
- BOOST_METAPARSE_VERSION
- unless_error

Metaparse uses a number of general purpose metafunctions and metafunction classes.

- digit_to_int
- digit_to_int_c
- int_to_digit
- int_to_digit_c
- in_range
- in_range_c
- is_digit
- is_lcase_letter
- is_letter
- is_ucase_letter
- is_whitespace
- is_whitespace_c

### Terms used by the library

- boxed value
- currying
- lazy template metafunction
- nullary template metafunction
- parser
- parser combinator
- parsing error message
- predicate
- tag
- template metafunction
- template metafunction class
- template metaprogramming value

### Alphabetical

#### accept

## Synopsis

    template <class Result, class Remaining, class Pos>
    struct accept;

This is a template metaprogramming value.

Table 20.2. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`Result` | template metaprogramming value
`Remaining` | string
`Pos` | source position

## Description

Values representing a successful parser application. It behaves as a lazy template metafunction: when it is evaluated as a metafunction, it returns itself with its arguments evaluated. See expression semantics for further details.

| Note
Note that for backward compatibility when `Result::type` is not defined, `accept<....>::type` does not evaluate `Result`. For example `accept<int, BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>::type` is `accept<int, BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo")::type, start::type>`. Using types that are not template metaprogramming values as `Result` is deprecated and will not work in future versions of the library.

## Expressions semantics

For any `r` template metaprogramming value, `s` compile-time string and `p` source position the following are equivalent:

    accept<r, s, p>::type

    accept<r, s::type, p::type>

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/accept.hpp>

## Operations

- `get_position`
- `get_remaining`
- `get_result`

#### accept_tag

## Synopsis

    struct accept_tag;

This is a tag.

## Description

This is the tag of the values returned by a parser when parsing was successful.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/accept_tag.hpp>

#### accept_when

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class Pred, class Msg>
    struct accept_when;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.3. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`Pred` | predicate
`Msg` | parsing error message

## Description

It parses the input with `P`. When `P` rejects the input, `accept_when` rejects it as well. When `P` accepts it, `accept_when` evaluates `Pred` with the result of parsing the input with `P`. When `Pred` returns `true`, `accept_when` accepts the input and the result of parsing will be what `P` returned. Otherwise `accept_when` rejects the input and `Msg` is used as the error reason.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/accept_when.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `pred` predicate, `msg` parsing error message, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    accept_when<p, pred, msg>i::apply<s, pos>::type

is equivalent to

    p::apply<s, pos>::type

when `p::apply<s, pos>` doesn't return an error and `pred::apply<get_result<p::apply<s, pos>>>::type` is `true`. Otherwise it is equivalent to

    fail<msg>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/accept_when.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_digit.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(digit_expected, "Digit expected");

    using accept_digit = accept_when<one_char, util::is_digit<>, digit_expected>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<
        accept_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "accept_digit should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        accept_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value == '0',
      "the result of parsing should be the character value"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        accept_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "accept_digit should reject a character that is not a digit"
    );

#### alphanum

## Synopsis

    struct alphanum;

This is a parser.

## Description

It accepts one character in the range `a-z`, `A-Z` or `0-9`. The result of the parser is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/alphanum.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following are equivalent:

    alphanum

    one_of<digit, letter>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/alphanum.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<alphanum::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>>::type::value,
      "alphanum should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      !is_error<alphanum::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "alphanum should accept a character"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        alphanum::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>
      >::type::value == 'x',
      "the result of parsing should be the character value"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<alphanum::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(","), start>>::type::value,
      "alphanum should reject a comma"
    );

#### always_c

## Synopsis

    template <char C, class T>
    struct always_c;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.4. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | character
`T` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

It accepts inputs beginning with the `C` character. It consumes that character and the result of parsing is `T`. Other inputs as rejected.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/always_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c` character and `t` class the following are equivalent:

    always_c<c, t>

    always<lit_c<c>, t>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/always_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using always13 = always_c<'x', std::integral_constant<int, 13>>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<always13::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "always13 should accept x"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_result<always13::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type,
        std::integral_constant<int, 13>
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the integral_constant type"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<always13::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("y"), start>>::type::value,
      "always13 should reject characters other than x"
    );

#### always

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class T>
    struct always;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.5. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`T` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

It accepts an input if and only if `P` accepts it, but the result of parsing will be `T` instead of the result `P` returned.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/always.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `t` class the following are equivalent:

    always<p, t>

    last_of<p, return_<t>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/always.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using always13 = always<lit_c<'x'>, std::integral_constant<int, 13>>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<always13::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "always13 should accept x"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_result<always13::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type,
        std::integral_constant<int, 13>
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the integral_constant type"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<always13::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("y"), start>>::type::value,
      "always13 should reject characters other than x"
    );

#### BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR

## Synopsis

    #define BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(name, msg) \
      // unspecified

This is a macro.

Table 20.6. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`name` | identifier token
`msg` | string literal

## Description

Macro for defining a parsing error message class. `name` is the name of the class representing the error message and `msg` is a string literal containing the description of the error.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `n` name and `m` string literal, given the following is defined:

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(n, m);

the following pairs of expressions are equivalent:

    n::get_value()
    std::string(m)

    n::type
    n

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/letter.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/sequence.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/change_error_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(age_expected, "Age expected");

    using name_token = token<repeated1<letter>>;
    using age_token = token<change_error_message<int_, age_expected>>;

    using name_age = sequence<name_token, age_token>;

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        age_expected,
        get_message<name_age::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("Joe "), start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "the error message should be age_expected when the age is missing"
    );

#### BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING

## Synopsis

    #define BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(s) \
      // unspecified

This is a macro.

Table 20.7. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`s` | string literal

## Description

Macro for defining `string` values. `s` is expected to be a string literal. The macro requires C++11.

The maximal length of the string is limited. This limit is defined by the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_STRING_SIZE` macro.

On platforms where `BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING` is not supported, the `string.hpp` header defines the `BOOST_METAPARSE_V1_CONFIG_NO_BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING` macro. Defining this macro before including the header disables the `BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING` macro.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The semantics of this macro is demonstrated by an example. The following

    BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("hello")

is equivalent to

    string<'h','e','l','l','o'>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using hello1 = string<'H','e','l','l','o'>;
    using hello2 = BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("Hello");

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        string<'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'>,
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("Hello")
      >::type::value,
      "The type generated by the macro should be identical to the hand-crafted one."
    );

#### BOOST_METAPARSE_VERSION

## Synopsis

    #define BOOST_METAPARSE_VERSION \\ unspecified

This is a macro.

## Description

Macro containing the version number of Boost.Metaparse.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/version.hpp>

## Expression semantics

It has major, minor and release components:

    major   == BOOST_METAPARSE_VERSION / 10000000
    minor   == (BOOST_METAPARSE_VERSION % 10000000) / 100000
    release == BOOST_METAPARSE_VERSION % 100000

#### Boxed value

A boxed value is a type representing a constant value. It has a public static `const` or `constexpr` member called `value`. The class represents that value as a type, so it can be manipulated by template metafunctions. It has to be a template metaprogramming value.

For example the following `struct` represents the `true` value of type `bool`:

    struct true_type
    {
      static constexpr bool value = true;
      using type = true_type;
    };

The `value` member is the wrapped value. `true_type::type` is an alias of `true_type` which makes it a template metaprogramming value.

#### build_parser

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct build_parser;

This is a template metafunction.

Table 20.8. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

It generates a simple interface for parser. It returns a metafunction class that takes an input string, parses it with `P` and returns the result of parsing. It generates a compilation error when parsing fails.

## Return value

It returns a template metafunction class:

    struct
    {
      template <class S>
      struct apply;
    };

Table 20.9. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`S` | string

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/build_parser.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `s` compile-time string

    build_parser<p>::type::apply<s>

is equivalent to

    get_result<p::apply<s>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/build_parser.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using string_to_int = build_parser<int_>::type;

    static_assert(
      string_to_int::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1113")>::type::value == 1113,
      "string_to_int should be a metafunction turning a string into an int"
    );

#### change_error_message

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class Msg>
    struct change_error_message;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.10. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`Msg` | parsing error message

## Description

It applies `P` on the input. When `P` succeeds, `change_error_message` returns the result `P` returns, otherwise `change_error_message` rejects the input and the reason will be `Msg`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/change_error_message.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `m` parsing error message, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    change_error_message<p, msg>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to `p::apply<s, pos>` when `p` accepts the input. It is equivalent to `fail<msg>::apply<s, pos>` otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/change_error_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/letter.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/keyword.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(name_expected, "Name expected");

    using keyword_name = token<keyword<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name")>>;
    using name_token = token<repeated1<letter>>;

    using name_parser =
      last_of<keyword_name, change_error_message<name_token, name_expected>>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<
        name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name Bela"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "name_parser should accept \"name <a name>\""
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ?"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "name_parser should reject input when name is a question mark"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_message<
          name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ?"), start>
        >::type,
        name_expected
      >::type::value,
      "the error message should be the one specified by change_error_message"
    );

#### Currying

A template metafunction supports currying when it accepts less arguments than it normally expects. When less arguments are provided, then it returns a template metafunction class expecting the remaining arguments. That template metafunction class is also expected to support currying.

For example assuming the following metafunction is given:

    template <class A, class B>
    struct plus;

It takes two values, adds them and returns their result. For example:

    static_assert(
      plus<
        std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
        std::integral_constant<int, 2>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "This should work"
    );

If it supports currying, then the following should also work:

    using inc = plus<std::integral_constant<int, 1>>;

    static_assert(
      inc::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 12>>::type::value == 13,
      "This should work"
    );

The above example defines the `inc` template metafunction class by calling `plus` with just one argument: the boxed `1` value.

#### debug_parsing_error

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class S>
    struct debug_parsing_error
    {
      debug_parsing_error();
    };

This is a template class.

Table 20.11. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`S` | string

## Description

Utility to debug errors generated by a compile-time parser. An instance of the instantiated template class has to be created and initialised using the default constructor. When parsing the input string using the parser generates an error, the default constructor of `debug_parsing_error` prints the error message to the standard output at run-time and calls `exit`.

| Note
Note that more powerful debugging utilities, like Metashell are also available.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/debug_parsing_error.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` compile-time parser and `s` compile-time string

    debug_parsing_error<p, s>()

Tries to parse `s` using `p` at compile-time. At run-time the constructor prints the result of parsing to the standard output and calls `exit`.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/debug_parsing_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    debug_parsing_error<int_, BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("not an int")> do_debugging;

    int main() {}

By running the compiled executable you get the following:

Compile-time parsing results ---------------------------- Input text: not an int

Parsing failed: line 1, col 1: Digit expected

#### digit_expected

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct digit_expected;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that a digit character was expected at a specific location.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/digit_expected.hpp>

#### digit

## Synopsis

    struct digit;

This is a parser.

## Description

Parser accepting one character in the range `0-9`. The result of the parser is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/digit.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following are equivalent:

    digit

    accept_when<one_char, util::is_digit, error::digit_expected>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/digit.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>>::type::value,
      "digit should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "digit should reject a character"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value == '0',
      "the result of parsing should be the character value"
    );

#### digit_to_int_c

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <char D>
      struct digit_to_int_c;
    }

This is a template class similar to a template metafunction but taking a `char` value as argument.

Table 20.12. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | character value

## Description

Converts a character containing a value in the range `['0'..'9']` to an integer.

## Return value

It returns a boxed integer value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/digit_to_int_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following pairs of expressions are equivalent

    digit_to_int_c<'0'>::type
    boost::mpl::int_<0>

    digit_to_int_c<'9'>::type
    boost::mpl::int_<9>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/digit_to_int_c.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      util::digit_to_int_c<'0'>::type::value == 0,
      "it should convert a character to the corresponding integer value"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::digit_to_int_c<'3'>::type::value == 3,
      "it should convert a character to the corresponding integer value"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::digit_to_int_c<'9'>::type::value == 9,
      "it should convert a character to the corresponding integer value"
    );

#### digit_to_int

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class D>
      struct digit_to_int;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.13. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | boxed character value

## Description

Converts a boxed character containing a value in the range `['0'..'9']` to an integer.

## Return value

It returns a boxed integer value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/digit_to_int.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `C` boxed character value in the range `['0'..'9']` the following expressions are equivalent

    digit_to_int<>::apply<C>::type
    digit_to_int<C>::type
    digit_to_int_c<C::type::value>::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/digit_to_int.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct nullary_metafunction_returning_4
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, '4'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::digit_to_int<std::integral_constant<char, '0'>>::type::value == 0,
      "it should convert a character to the corresponding integer value"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::digit_to_int<>::type
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<char, '7'>>::type::value == 7,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::digit_to_int<nullary_metafunction_returning_4>::type::value == 4,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### digit_val

## Synopsis

    struct digit_val;

This is a parser.

## Description

It accepts one character in the range `0-9`. The result of the parser is the value represented by the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/digit_val.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following are equivalent:

    digit_val

    transform<digit, util::digit_to_int<>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/digit_val.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<digit_val::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>>::type::value,
      "digit_val should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<digit_val::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "digit_val should reject a character"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        digit_val::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value == 0,
      "the result of parsing should be the int value"
    );

#### empty

## Synopsis

    template <class Result>
    struct empty;

This is a parser.

Table 20.14. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`Result` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

It accepts empty input only. The result of parsing is the `Result` argument.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/empty.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c` class the following are equivalent:

    empty<c>

    except<one_char, c, error::end_of_input_expected>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/empty.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using want_empty = empty<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("result")>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<want_empty::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "empty accepts the empty input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<want_empty::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "empty should reject non-empty input"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_result<want_empty::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type,
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("result")
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the given value"
    );

#### end_of_input_expected

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct end_of_input_expected;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that the input contains more characters than it should.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/end_of_input_expected.hpp>

#### entire_input

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class Msg = error::end_of_input_expected>
    struct entire_input;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.15. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`Msg` | parsing error message

## Description

It parses the input using `P` and checks if it consumes the entire input. If `P` fails or doesn't consume the entire input, `entire_input` fails. Otherwise `entire_input` returns the result of `P`. When `P` does not consume the entire input, the error message returned by `entire_input` is `Msg`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/entire_input.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `e` parsing error message the following are equivalent

    entire_input<p, e>

    first_of<
      p,
      change_error_message<empty</* some metaprogramming value */>, e>
    >

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/entire_input.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(extra_chars_at_end, "Extra chars at end");

    using int_parser = entire_input<int_, extra_chars_at_end>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1113"), start>
      >::type::value == 1113,
      "it should parse the input if it contains only an integer"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_message<
          int_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1113mm"), start>
        >::type,
        extra_chars_at_end
      >::type::value,
      "it should return the specified error message when there are extra characters"
    );

#### except

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class Result, class ErrorMsg>
    struct except;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.16. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`Result` | template metaprogramming value
`ErrorMsg` | parsing error message

## Description

`except` accepts the input when `P` rejects it and the result of parsing is the `Result` argument. When `P` accepts the input, `except` rejects it and the reason is `ErrorMsg`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/except.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `c` class, `msg` parsing error message, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position the following are equivalent

    get_result<except<p, c, msg>, s, pos>::type
    c

    get_remaining<except<p, c, msg>, s, pos>::type
    s

    get_position<except<p, c, msg>, s, pos>::type
    pos

when `p` rejects the input. The result of the parser is an error with the error message `msg` otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/except.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(
      number_is_not_allowed,
      "numbers are not allowed here"
    );

    using except_int =
      except<int_, std::integral_constant<int, 1>, number_is_not_allowed>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        except_int::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>
      >::type::value == 1,
      "it should accept the input when it is not an integer"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        number_is_not_allowed,
        get_message<except_int::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when it is an integer"
    );

#### expected_to_fail

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct expected_to_fail;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that a parser was expected to fail but it did not fail.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/expected_to_fail.hpp>

#### fail_at_first_char_expected

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct fail_at_first_char_expected;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.17. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

It tries to parse the input using `P`. When `P` rejects the input without consuming any character, `fail_at_first_char_expected` accepts the input. Otherwise (when `P` accepts the input or when it consumes characters before rejecting the input) `fail_at_first_char_expected` rejects the input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/fail_at_first_char_expected.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position:

When `is_error<p::apply<s, pos>>::type` is false, the following are equivalent:

    fail_at_first_char_expected<p>::apply<s, pos>::type
    reject<error::expected_to_fail, pos>

When `is_error<p::apply<s, pos>>::type` is true and `boost::mpl::equal_to<pos, get_position<p::apply<s, pos>>::type>::type` is also true, the following are equivalent:

    get_remaining<except<p, c, msg>, s, pos>::type
    accept</* unspecified */, s, pos>

Otherwise the following are equivalent:

    get_remaining<except<p, c, msg>, s, pos>::type
    p::apply<s, pos>::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/fail_at_first_char_expected.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_start_with_parser.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/first_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using plus_int = last_of<lit_c<'+'>, int_>;

    using plus_exp =
      first_of<
        foldl_start_with_parser<
          plus_int,
          int_,
          boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type
        >,
        fail_at_first_char_expected<plus_int>
      >;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        plus_exp::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1+2+3"), start>
      >::type::value == 6,
      "it should accept the input when it is a list of '+' separated ints"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        plus_exp::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1+2+3+"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when it has an extra +"
    );

#### fail

## Synopsis

    template <class Msg>
    struct fail;

This is a parser.

Table 20.18. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`Msg` | parsing error message

## Description

Parser rejecting every input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/fail.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `msg` parsing error message, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    fail<msg>::apply<s, pos>::type

returns an error with `msg` as the error message.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/fail.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(sample_error, "This is an example parsing error");

    using fail_p = fail<sample_error>;

    static_assert(
      is_error<fail_p::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>>::type::value,
      "it should reject every input"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_message<fail_p::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>>::type,
        sample_error
      >::type::value,
      "the error message should be the type specified"
    );

#### fail_tag

## Synopsis

    struct fail_tag;

This is a tag.

## Description

This is the tag of the values returned by a parser when parsing was not successful.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/fail_tag.hpp>

#### first_of

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, /* ... */, class Pn>
    struct first_of;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.19. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | parser

## Description

`first_of` applies the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers in sequence. It accepts an input when all parsers accept it. The result of parsing is the result of the first parser.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/first_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p1`, ... `pn` parsers

    first_of<p1, ..., pn>

is equivalent to

    nth_of_c<0, p1, ..., pn>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/first_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_with_semicolon = first_of<int_, lit_c<';'>>;

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_with_semicolon::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "int without semicolon is rejected"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_with_semicolon::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13;"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "the result is the result of the first parser"
    );

#### foldl1

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class ForwardOp>
    struct foldl1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.20. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`ForwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

`foldl1` applies `P` on the input string repeatedly as long as `P` accepts the input. The result of parsing is equivalent to `boost::mpl::fold<Sequence, State, ForwardOp>`, where `Sequence` is the sequence of the results of the applications of `P`.

When `P` rejects the input for the first time, `foldl1` rejects it as well. At least one successful application of `P` is required for `foldl1` to accept the input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments the following are equivalent:

    foldl1<p, t, f>

    last_of<look_ahead<p>, foldl<p, t, f>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldl1<int_token, boost::mpl::int_<0>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 13 3 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldl_reject_incomplete

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class ForwardOp>
    struct foldl_reject_incomplete;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.21. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`ForwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldl`, but once `P` rejects the input, `foldl_reject_incomplete` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `foldl_reject_incomplete` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise `foldl_reject_incomplete` accepts the input and gives the same result as `foldl`.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldl_reject_incomplete` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_reject_incomplete.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldl_reject_incomplete<p, t, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<foldl<p, t, f>, fail_at_first_char_expected<p> >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_reject_incomplete.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldl_reject_incomplete<plus_int, boost::mpl::int_<11>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldl_reject_incomplete1

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class ForwardOp>
    struct foldl_reject_incomplete1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.22. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`ForwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldl1`, but once `P` rejects the input, `foldl_reject_incomplete1` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `foldl_reject_incomplete1` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise `foldl_reject_incomplete1` accepts the input and gives the same result as `foldl1`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_reject_incomplete1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldl_reject_incomplete1<p, t, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<foldl1<p, t, f>, fail_at_first_char_expected<p> >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_reject_incomplete1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldl_reject_incomplete1<plus_int, boost::mpl::int_<11>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class StateP, class ForwardOp>
    struct foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.23. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`StateP` | parser
`ForwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldl_start_with_parser`, but once `P` rejects the input, `foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise `foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser` accepts the input and gives the same result as `foldl_start_with_parser`.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

Further details can be found in the Introducing foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser section of the User Manual.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `pt` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser<p, pt, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<
      foldl_start_with_parser<p, pt, f>,
      fail_at_first_char_expected<p>
    >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints =
      foldl_reject_incomplete_start_with_parser<plus_int, int_token, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 + 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 + 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldl_start_with_parser

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class StateP, class ForwardOp>
    struct foldl_start_with_parser;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.24. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`StateP` | parser
`ForwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldl`, but before folding it applies a parser, `StateP` on the input. If it fails, `foldl_start_with_parser` fails. If it succeeds, `foldl_start_with_parser` works as `foldl` taking the result of `StateP` as the initial state.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldl_start_with_parser` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

Further details can be found in the Introducing foldl_start_with_parser section of the User Manual.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_start_with_parser.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `pt` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldl_start_with_parser<p, pt, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    pt::apply<s, pos>

when the above expression returns a parsing error. It is

    foldl<p, get_result<pt::apply<s, pos>>::type, f>::apply<
      get_remaining<pt::apply<s, pos>>::type,
      get_position<pt::apply<s, pos>>::type
    >

otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl_start_with_parser.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldl_start_with_parser<plus_int, int_token, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 + 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldl

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class ForwardOp>
    struct foldl;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.25. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`ForwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

`foldl` applies `P` on the input string repeatedly as long as `P` accepts the input. The result of parsing is equivalent to `boost::mpl::fold<Sequence, State, ForwardOp>`, where `Sequence` is the sequence of the results of the applications of `P`.

When `P` rejects the input for the first time, `foldl` still accepts the input and the result of parsing is `State`.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldl` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

Further details can be found in the Introducing foldl section of the User Manual.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldl<p, t, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    return_<t>::apply<s, pos>

when `p::apply<s, pos>` returns an error. It is

    foldl<p, f::apply<t, get_result<p::apply<s, pos>>::type>::type, f>::apply<
      get_remaining<p::apply<s, pos>>,
      get_position<p::apply<s, pos>>
    >

otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldl.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldl<int_token, boost::mpl::int_<0>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 13 3 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>
      >::type::value == 0,
      "the sum of no elements is 0"
    );

#### foldr1

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class BackwardOp>
    struct foldr1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.26. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`BackwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

`foldr1` applies `P` on the input string repeatedly as long as `P` accepts the input. The result of parsing is equivalent to `boost::reverse_fold<Sequence, State, BackwardOp>`, where `Sequence` is the sequence of the results of the applications of `P`.

When `P` rejects the input for the first time, `foldr1` rejects it as well. At least one successful application of `P` is required for `foldr1` to accept the input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments the following are equivalent:

    foldr1<p, t, f>

    last_of<look_ahead<p>, foldr<p, t, f>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldr1<int_token, boost::mpl::int_<0>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 13 3 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldr_reject_incomplete

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class BackwardOp>
    struct foldr_reject_incomplete;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.27. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`BackwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldr`, but once `P` rejects the input, `foldr_reject_incomplete` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `foldr_reject_incomplete` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise `foldr_reject_incomplete` accepts the input and gives the same result as `foldr`.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldr_reject_incomplete` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

Note that `foldr_reject_incomplete` folds from right to left and therefore does not start folding until it reaches the end of the sequence. Since at the end of the sequence it finds an error, folding does not happen at all.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr_reject_incomplete.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldr_reject_incomplete<p, t, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<foldr<p, t, f>, fail_at_first_char_expected<p> >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr_reject_incomplete.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldr_reject_incomplete<plus_int, boost::mpl::int_<11>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldr_reject_incomplete1

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class BackwardOp>
    struct foldr_reject_incomplete1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.28. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`BackwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldr1`, but once `P` rejects the input, `foldr_reject_incomplete1` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `foldr_reject_incomplete1` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise `foldr_reject_incomplete1` accepts the input and gives the same result as `foldr1`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr_reject_incomplete1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldr_reject_incomplete1<p, t, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<foldr1<p, t, f>, fail_at_first_char_expected<p> >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr_reject_incomplete1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldr_reject_incomplete1<plus_int, boost::mpl::int_<11>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldr_start_with_parser

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class StateP, class BackwardOp>
    struct foldr_start_with_parser;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.29. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`StateP` | parser
`BackwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

The same as `foldr`, but after folding it applies a parser, `StateP` on the input. If `StateP` fails, `foldr_start_with_parser` fails. If it succeeds, the result of parsing is equivalent to `boost::reverse_fold<Sequence, State, BackwardOp>`, where `Sequence` is the sequence of the results of the applications of `P` and `State` is the result `StateP` returned after the repeated application of `P` on the input.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldr_start_with_parser` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using int_plus = first_of<int_token, plus_token>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

Further details can be found in the Introducing foldr_start_with_parser section of the User Manual.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr_start_with_parser.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `pt` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position let `pos_` be the position where the repeated application of `p` on `s` fails for the first time. Let `s_` be the postfix of `s` starting at that position.

    foldr_start_with_parser<p, pt, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    pt::apply<s_, pos_>

when the above expression returns a parsing error. It is

    return_<
      foldr<p, get_result<pt::apply<s_, pos_>>::type, f>::apply<s, pos>
    >::apply<
      get_remaining<pt::apply<s_, pos_>>::type,
      get_position<pt::apply<s_, pos_>>::type
    >

otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr_start_with_parser.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/first_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using int_plus = first_of<int_token, plus_token>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldr_start_with_parser<int_plus, int_token, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 + 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### foldr

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class State, class BackwardOp>
    struct foldr;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.30. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`State` | template metaprogramming value
`BackwardOp` | template metafunction class taking two arguments

## Description

`foldr` applies `P` on the input string repeatedly as long as `P` accepts the input. The result of parsing is equivalent to `boost::reverse_fold<Sequence, State, BackwardOp>`, where `Sequence` is the sequence of the results of the applications of `P`.

When `P` rejects the input for the first time, `foldr` still accepts the input and the result of parsing is `State`.

Here is a diagram showing how `foldr` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

Further details can be found in the Introducing foldr section of the User Manual.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` class, `f` metafunction class taking two arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    foldr<p, t, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    return_<t>::apply<s, pos>

when `p::apply<s, pos>` returns an error. It is

    f::apply<
      get_result<
        foldr<p, t, f>::apply<
          get_remaining<p::apply<s, pos>>,
          get_position<p::apply<s, pos>>
        >
      >::type,
      get_result<p::apply<s, pos>>::type
    >

otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/foldr.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using sum_op =
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::plus<boost::mpl::_1, boost::mpl::_2>>::type;

    using ints = foldr<int_token, boost::mpl::int_<0>, sum_op>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11 13 3 21"), start>
      >::type::value == 48,
      "ints should sum the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>
      >::type::value == 0,
      "the sum of no elements is 0"
    );

#### get_col

## Synopsis

    template <class SourcePosition>
    struct get_col;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.31. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`SourcePosition` | source position

## Description

Returns the column of a source position.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_col.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `l`, `c` compile-time wrapped integral values and `ch` compile-time wrapped character the following are equivalent

    get_col<source_position<l, c, ch>>::type

    c::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_col.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_source_position
    {
      using type =
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 0>
        >;
    };

    static_assert(
      get_col<
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 0>
        >
      >::type::value == 13,
      "It should return the column of a source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_col<returns_source_position>::type::value == 13,
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### get_line

## Synopsis

    template <class SourcePosition>
    struct get_line;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.32. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`SourcePosition` | source position

## Description

Returns the line of a source position.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_line.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `l`, `c` compile-time wrapped integral values and `ch` compile-time wrapped character the following are equivalent

    get_line<source_position<l, c, ch>>::type

    l::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_line.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_source_position
    {
      using type =
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 0>
        >;
    };

    static_assert(
      get_line<
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 0>
        >
      >::type::value == 11,
      "It should return the line of a source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_line<returns_source_position>::type::value == 11,
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### get_message

## Synopsis

    template <class E>
    struct get_message;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.33. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`E` | reject value

## Description

Returns the error message of a parsing failure.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(sample_error, "Sample error message");

    struct returns_reject
    {
      using type = reject<sample_error, start>;
    };

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        sample_error,
        get_message<reject<sample_error, start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "It should return the message"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<sample_error, get_message<returns_reject>::type>::type::value,
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### get_position

## Synopsis

    template <class D>
    struct get_position;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.34. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | accept or reject value

## Description

Returns the source position information of a parsing result.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_position.hpp>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_position.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/accept.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(sample_error, "Sample error message");

    struct returns_reject
    {
      using type = reject<sample_error, start>;
    };

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        start,
        get_position<reject<sample_error, start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "It should return the position of a reject"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        start,
        get_position<
          accept<sample_error, BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "It should return the position of an accept"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<start, get_position<returns_reject>::type>::type::value,
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### get_prev_char

## Synopsis

    template <class SourcePosition>
    struct get_prev_char;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.35. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`SourcePosition` | source position

## Description

Returns the last character the source position was updated with. The value it returns for `start` is unspecified.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_prev_char.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `l`, `c` compile-time wrapped integral values and `ch` compile-time wrapped character the following are equivalent

    get_prev_char<source_position<l, c, ch>>::type

    ch::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_prev_char.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_source_position
    {
      using type =
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>
        >;
    };

    static_assert(
      get_prev_char<
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>
        >
      >::type::value == 'x',
      "It should return the prev. char of a source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_prev_char<returns_source_position>::type::value == 'x',
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### get_remaining

## Synopsis

    template <class D>
    struct get_remaining;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.36. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | accept value

## Description

Returns the remaining string information of a parsing result.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/accept.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_accept
    {
      using type =
        accept<
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
          start
        >;
    };

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
        get_remaining<
          accept<
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
            start
          >
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "It should return the remaining input"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
        get_remaining<returns_accept>::type
      >::type::value,
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### get_result

## Synopsis

    template <class D>
    struct get_result;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.37. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | accept value

## Description

Returns the result information of a parsing result.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/accept.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_accept
    {
      using type =
        accept<
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
          start
        >;
    };

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        accept<
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
          start
        >
      >::type::value == 13,
      "It should return the result of parsing"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<returns_accept>::type::value == 13,
      "It should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### grammar

## Synopsis

    template <class StartSymbol = BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("S")>
    struct grammar
    {
      template <class S, class Pos>
      struct apply;

      template <class Name, class P>
      struct import;

      template <class S, class Action = /* unspecified */>
      struct rule;
    };

## Description

| Note
Note that using this adds a significant overhead to your builds. When someone uses your parser, the compiler will have to build your grammar parser, use it to parse your grammar and build your parser and then it can parse the input the user would like to parse with your parser. You might consider using the parser combinators the library provides.

Parser combinator for constructing parsers based on an embedded DSL similar to EBNF. It can be used the following way:

    grammar<>
      // definitions

where a definition can be a rule or an import command.

Rules look like on of the following:

    ::rule<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ::= def")>
    ::rule<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ::= def"), semantic_action>

`name` consists of letters, digits and the `_` character. It is the name of the symbol being defined. `def` describes the rule. It can be

- the name of a symbol
- a terminal, which is a character between single quotes. `\` can be used for escaping. The following are accepted: `\n`, `\r`, `\t`, `\\`, `\'`
- a sequence of definitions
- a definition followed by the `*` character, which means repetition accepting 0 match
- a definition followed by the `+` character, which means repetition expecting at least one match
- a definition in brackets

Rules take an optional `semantic_action` argument. It is a placeholder expression taking one argument. When this is given, this is used to transform the result of the rule.

Imports can be used to turn an arbitrary parser into a symbol available for the rules. Import definitions look like the following:

    ::import<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name"), parser>

`name` is the name of the symbol, `parser` is the parser to bind the name to.

The start symbol of the grammar is specified by the template argument of the `grammar` template. This is optional, the default value is `S`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/grammar.hpp>

## Example

    #define BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_STRING_SIZE 64

    #include <boost/metaparse/grammar.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/entire_input.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/build_parser.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/front.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/back.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/fold.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>

    using boost::metaparse::token;
    using boost::metaparse::int_;
    using boost::metaparse::build_parser;
    using boost::metaparse::entire_input;
    using boost::metaparse::grammar;

    using boost::mpl::front;
    using boost::mpl::back;
    using boost::mpl::plus;
    using boost::mpl::fold;
    using boost::mpl::lambda;
    using boost::mpl::_1;
    using boost::mpl::_2;

    template <class A, class B>
    struct lazy_plus : boost::mpl::plus<typename A::type, typename B::type> {};

    template <class Sequence, class State, class ForwardOp>
    struct lazy_fold :
      fold<typename Sequence::type, typename State::type, typename ForwardOp::type>
    {};

    using plus_action =
      lazy_fold<back<_1>, front<_1>, lambda<lazy_plus<_1, back<_2>>>::type>;

    using plus_grammar =
      grammar<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("plus_exp")>
        ::import<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("int_token"), token<int_>>::type

        ::rule<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("ws ::= (' ' | '\n' | '\r' | '\t')*")>::type
        ::rule<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("plus_token ::= '+' ws"), front<_1>>::type
        ::rule<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("plus_exp ::= int_token (plus_token int_token)*"), plus_action>::type
      ;

    using plus_parser = build_parser<entire_input<plus_grammar>>;

    static_assert(
      plus_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1 + 2 + 3 + 4")>::type::value == 10,
      "Arithmetic expression should be evaluated"
    );

#### if_

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class T, class F>
    struct if_;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.38. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`T` | template metaprogramming value
`F` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

`if_` always accepts the input string. The result of parsing is `T`, when `P` accepts the input and `F` otherwise.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/if_.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` and `f` classes the following are equivalent:

    if_<p, t, f>

    one_of<last_of<p, return_<t>>, return_<f>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/if_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int11 = std::integral_constant<int, 11>;
    using int13 = std::integral_constant<int, 13>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        if_<int_, int11, int13>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1234"), start>
      >::type::value == 11,
      "When the int_ parser succeeds, the result of parsing should be 11"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        if_<int_, int11, int13>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "When the int_ parser fails, the result of parsing should be 13"
    );

#### index_out_of_range

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      template <int From, int To, int N>
      struct index_out_of_range;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

Table 20.39. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`From` | `int` value. The lower bound of the range.
`To` | `int` value. The upper bound of the range.
`N` | `int` value. The value outside of the range.

## Description

Template class representing an over or under indexing error. `From` and `To` represent the range and `N` is the value outside of the range.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/index_out_of_range.hpp>

#### in_range_c

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class T, T LowerBound, T UpperBound>
      struct in_range_c
      {
        template <class U>
        struct apply;
      };
    }

This is a template metafunction class.

Table 20.40. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`T` | integral type
`LowerBound` | value of type `T`
`UpperBound` | value of type `T`
`U` | boxed integral value

## Description

Metafunction class verifying that `U` is in the `[LowerBound..UpperBound]` range or not.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/in_range_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `T` integral type, `A`, `B` values of type `T` and `C` wrapped value the following are equivalent:

    in_range_c<T, A, B>::apply<C>::type::value

    A <= C::type::value && C::type::value <= B

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/in_range_c.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      !util::in_range_c<int, 11, 13>
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 10>>::type::value,
      "A value below the lower bound should not be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::in_range_c<int, 11, 13>
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 14>>::type::value,
      "A value above the upper bound should not be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range_c<int, 11, 13>
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 11>>::type::value,
      "The lower bound should be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range_c<int, 11, 13>
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 13>>::type::value,
      "The upper bound should be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range_c<int, 11, 13>
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 12>>::type::value,
      "A value between the bounds should be in the range"
    );

#### in_range

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class LowerBound, class UpperBound, class Item>
      struct in_range;
    }

This is a template metafunction supporting currying.

Table 20.41. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`LowerBound` | boxed integral value
`UpperBound` | boxed integral value
`Item` | boxed integral value

## Description

It returns a boxed boolean value. The value is `true` when `Item` is in the range `[LowerBound..UpperBound]` and `false` otherwise. `boost::mpl::less_equal` is used for comparison.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/in_range.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `L`, `U` and `T` classes the following are equivalent:

    in_range<L, U>::apply<T>::type::value

    boost::mpl::less_equal<L, T>::type::value
      && boost::mpl::less_equal<T, U>::type::value

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/in_range.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      !util::in_range<
        boost::mpl::int_<11>,
        boost::mpl::int_<13>,
        boost::mpl::int_<10>
      >::type::value,
      "A value below the lower bound should not be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::in_range<
        boost::mpl::int_<11>,
        boost::mpl::int_<13>,
        boost::mpl::int_<14>
      >::type::value,
      "A value above the upper bound should not be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range<
        boost::mpl::int_<11>,
        boost::mpl::int_<13>,
        boost::mpl::int_<11>
      >::type::value,
      "The lower bound should be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range<
        boost::mpl::int_<11>,
        boost::mpl::int_<13>,
        boost::mpl::int_<13>
      >::type::value,
      "The upper bound should be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range<
        boost::mpl::int_<11>,
        boost::mpl::int_<13>,
        boost::mpl::int_<12>
      >::type::value,
      "A value between the bounds should be in the range"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::in_range<>
        ::apply<boost::mpl::int_<11>>::type
        ::apply<boost::mpl::int_<13>>::type
        ::apply<boost::mpl::int_<12>>::type
        ::type::value,
      "It should support currying"
    );

#### int_

## Synopsis

    struct int_;

This is a parser.

## Description

It accepts a non-empty sequence of characters in the range `0-9`. The result of the parser is the decimal value represented by the accepted character sequence.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following are equivalent:

    int_

    foldl1<
      digit_val,
      boost::mpl::int_<0>,
      boost::mpl::lambda<
        boost::mpl::plus<
          boost::mpl::times<boost::mpl::_2, boost::mpl::int_<10>>,
          boost::mpl::_1
        >
      >::type
    >

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "It should parse an integer value"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<int_::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("six"), start>>::type::value,
      "It should reject the input if it is not a number"
    );

#### int_to_digit_c

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <int C>
      struct int_to_digit_c;
    }

This is a template class similar to a template metafunction but taking an `int` value as argument.

Table 20.42. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | `int` value in the range `[0-9]`

## Description

Converts an integer value in the range `[0-9]` to a character representing that decimal value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/int_to_digit_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following pairs of expressions are equivalent

    int_to_digit_c<0>::type
    boost::mpl::char_<'0'>

    int_to_digit<9>::type
    boost::mpl::char_<'9'>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/int_to_digit_c.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      util::int_to_digit_c<0>::type::value == '0',
      "it should convert an integer value to the corresponding character"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::int_to_digit_c<3>::type::value == '3',
      "it should convert an integer to the corresponding character"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::int_to_digit_c<9>::type::value == '9',
      "it should convert an integer value to the corresponding character"
    );

#### int_to_digit

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class D>
      struct int_to_digit;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.43. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | boxed integer value

## Description

Converts a boxed integer value in the range `[0-9]` to a character representing that decimal value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/int_to_digit.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following pairs of expressions are equivalent

    int_to_digit<boost::mpl::int_<0>>::type
    boost::mpl::char_<'0'>

    int_to_digit<boost::mpl::int_<9>>::type
    boost::mpl::char_<'9'>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/int_to_digit.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct nullary_metafunction_returning_4
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<int, 4>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::int_to_digit<std::integral_constant<int, 0>>::type::value == '0',
      "it should convert an integer value to the corresponding character"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::int_to_digit<>::type
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 7>>::type::value == '7',
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::int_to_digit<nullary_metafunction_returning_4>::type::value == '4',
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### is_digit

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class C>
      struct is_digit;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.44. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | boxed character value

## Description

Checks if `C` is a digit value or not. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_digit.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following expressions are equivalent:

    is_digit<boost::mpl::char_<'0'>>::type
    is_digit<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'0'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

The following expressions are also equivalent:

    is_digit<>::apply<c>::type
    boost::mpl::false_

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_digit.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, '0'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::is_digit<std::integral_constant<char, '0'>>::type::value,
      "digit character should be a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::is_digit<std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>>::type::value,
      "letter should not be a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_digit<>::type::apply<std::integral_constant<char, '0'>>::type::value,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_digit<returns_char>::type::value,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### is_error

## Synopsis

    template <class C>
    struct is_error;

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.45. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | accept or reject value

## Description

Determines if `C` is a parsing error or not. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `e` parsing error `is_error<c>::type` is a wrapped compile-time `true` value, for any other `c` class `is_error<c>::type` is a wrapped compile-time `false` value.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/accept.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(sample_error, "Sample error message");

    struct returns_reject
    {
      typedef reject<sample_error, start> type;
    };

    static_assert(
      !is_error<
        accept<
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
          start
        >
      >::type::value,
      "an accept should not be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<reject<sample_error, start>>::type::value,
      "an reject should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<>::type::apply<reject<sample_error, start>>::type::value,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<returns_reject>::type::value,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### is_lcase_letter

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class C>
      struct is_lcase_letter;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.46. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | boxed character value

## Description

Checks if `C` is a lower case letter. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_lcase_letter.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following expressions are equivalent:

    is_lcase_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'a'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_lcase_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'z'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_lcase_letter<>::apply<c>::type
    boost::mpl::false_

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_lcase_letter.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::is_lcase_letter<std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>>::type::value,
      "a should be a lower case letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::is_lcase_letter<std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>>::type::value,
      "A should not be a lower case letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_lcase_letter<>::type
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>>::type::value,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_lcase_letter<returns_char>::type::value,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### is_letter

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class C>
      struct is_letter;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.47. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | boxed character value

## Description

Checks if `C` is a letter. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_letter.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following expressions are equivalent:

    is_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'a'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'z'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'A'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'Z'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_letter<>::apply<c>::type
    boost::mpl::false_

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_letter.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::is_letter<std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>>::type::value,
      "A should be a letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::is_letter<std::integral_constant<char, '0'>>::type::value,
      "a number should not be a letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_letter<>::type
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>>::type::value,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_letter<returns_char>::type::value,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### is_ucase_letter

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class C>
      struct is_ucase_letter;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.48. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | boxed character value

## Description

Checks if `C` is an upper case letter. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_ucase_letter.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following expressions are equivalent:

    is_ucase_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'A'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_ucase_letter<>::apply<boost::mpl::char_<'Z'>>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_ucase_letter<>::apply<c>::type
    boost::mpl::false_

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_ucase_letter.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::is_ucase_letter<std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>>::type::value,
      "A should be an upper case letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::is_ucase_letter<std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>>::type::value,
      "a should not be an upper case letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_ucase_letter<>::type
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<char, 'A'>>::type::value,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_ucase_letter<returns_char>::type::value,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### is_whitespace_c

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <char C>
      struct is_whitespace_c;
    }

This is a template class similar to a template metafunction but taking a `char` value as argument.

Table 20.49. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`D` | `char` value

## Description

Checks if `C` is a whitespace character. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_whitespace_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following expressions are equivalent:

    is_whitespace_c<' '>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_whitespace_c<'\t'>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_whitespace_c<'\r'>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

    is_whitespace_c<'\n'>::type
    boost::mpl::true_

For any `c` character other than the above listed ones the following are equivalent:

    is_whitespace_c<c>::type
    boost::mpl::false_

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_whitespace_c.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      util::is_whitespace_c<' '>::type::value,
      "a space should be a whitespace character"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::is_whitespace_c<'0'>::type::value,
      "a number should not be a whitespace character"
    );

#### is_whitespace

## Synopsis

    namespace util
    {
      template <class C>
      struct is_whitespace;
    }

This is a lazy template metafunction that supports currying.

Table 20.50. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | boxed character value

## Description

Checks if `C` is a whitespace character. Returns a boxed boolean value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_whitespace.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `C` nullary template metafunction returning a wrapped character value the following are equivalent:

    is_whitespace<C>::type
    is_whitespace<>::type::apply<C>::type
    is_whitespace_c<C::type::value>::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/is_whitespace.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, ' '>;
    };

    static_assert(
      util::is_whitespace<std::integral_constant<char, ' '>>::type::value,
      "a space should be a whitespace character"
    );

    static_assert(
      !util::is_whitespace<std::integral_constant<char, '0'>>::type::value,
      "a number should not be a whitespace character"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_whitespace<>::type
        ::apply<std::integral_constant<char, '\t'>>::type::value,
      "it should support currying"
    );

    static_assert(
      util::is_whitespace<returns_char>::type::value,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### iterate_c

## Synopsis

    template <class P, int N>
    struct iterate_c;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.51. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`N` | non-negative integer value

## Description

It applies `P` on the input string `N` times. The result of parsing is a sequence of the results of the individual applications of `P`. `P` has to accept the input `N` times for `iterate_c` to accept it.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/iterate_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `n` integer value the following are equivalent:

    iterate_c<p, n>

    sequence<
      p, // 1.
      p, // 2.
      // ...
      p  // n.
    >

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/iterate_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/digit.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/char.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'1'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'2'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'3'>
        >,
        get_result<
          iterate_c<digit, 3>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("123"), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "the result should be the sequence of the individual applications of digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'1'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'2'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'3'>
        >,
        get_result<
          iterate_c<digit, 3>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1234"), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "only three iterations should be made"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        iterate_c<digit, 3>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("12"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should fail when digit can not be applied three times"
    );

#### iterate

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class N>
    struct iterate;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.52. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`N` | boxed non-negative integer value

## Description

It applies `P` on the input string `N` times. The result of parsing is a sequence of the results of the individual applications of `P`. `P` has to accept the input `N` times for `iterate` to accept it.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/iterate.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `n` wrapped integer the following are equivalent:

    iterate<p, n>

    iterate_c<p, n::type::value>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/iterate.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/digit.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/char.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'1'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'2'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'3'>
        >,
        get_result<
          iterate<digit, std::integral_constant<int, 3>>::apply<
            BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("123"),
            start
          >
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "the result should be the sequence of the individual applications of digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'1'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'2'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'3'>
        >,
        get_result<
          iterate<digit, std::integral_constant<int, 3>>::apply<
            BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1234"),
            start
          >
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "only three iterations should be made"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        iterate<digit, std::integral_constant<int, 3>>::apply<
          BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("12"),
          start
        >
      >::type::value,
      "it should fail when digit can not be applied three times"
    );

#### keyword

## Synopsis

    template <class S, class ResultType = /* unspecified */>
    struct keyword;

This is a parser.

Table 20.53. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`S` | string
`ResultType` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

Parser accepting the keyword `S`. The result of parsing is `ResultType`, which is optional; when not given, the result of successful parsing is undefined.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/keyword.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `r` class and `s` compile-time string that is built from the characters `c1` ... `cn` the following are equivalent:

    keyword<s, r>

    last_of<lit<c1>, /* ... */, lit<cn>, return_<r>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/keyword.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        keyword<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("for"), std::integral_constant<int, 13>>
          ::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("for"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "the result of parsing the keyword is keyword's second argument"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        keyword<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("for"), std::integral_constant<int, 13>>
          ::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("if"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "a word other than the keyword is an error"
    );

#### last_of

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, /* ... */, class Pn>
    struct last_of;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.54. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | parser

## Description

`last_of` applies the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers in sequence. It accepts an input when all parsers accept it. The result of parsing is the result of the last parser.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p1`, ... `pn` parsers

    first_of<p1, ..., pn>

is equivalent to

    nth_of_c<n, p1, ..., pn>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using comma_int = last_of<lit_c<','>, int_>;

    static_assert(
      is_error<comma_int::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>>::type::value,
      "int without comma is rejected"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        comma_int::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(",13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "the result is the result of the last parser"
    );

#### Lazy template metafunction

A lazy template metafunction is a template metafunction that accepts nullary metafunctions as arguments, that need to be evaluated first to get the value of the argument.

For example here is a `plus` metafunction for `int` values:

    template <class A, class B>
    struct plus :
      std::integral_constant<int, A::value + B::value>
    {};

This metafunction takes two boxed numbers as arguments, unboxes them, adds their values and boxed the result again.

It works when it is called with boxed numbers. For example:

    static_assert(
      plus<
        std::intgeral_constant<int, 2>,
        std::integral_constant<int, 2>
      >::type::value == 4,
      "This should work"
    );

However, when it is called with a nullary metafunction returning the boxed value, it breaks:

    struct nullary_metafunction_returning_2
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<int, 2>;
    };

    // Fails to compile
    plus<nullary_metafunction_returning_2, nullary_metafunction_returning_2>::type

So `plus` is not a lazy template metafunction. To make it lazy, it has to evaluate its arguments before using them:

    template <class A, class B>
    struct lazy_plus :
      std::integral_constant<int, A::type::value + B::type::value>
    {};

Note that it uses `A::type::value` and `B::type::value` instead of `A::value` and `B::value`. It works when it is called with nullary metafunctions as well:

    static_assert(
      plus<
        nullary_metafunction_returning_2,
        nullary_metafunction_returning_2
      >::type::value == 4,
      "This should work"
    );

Because it works with nullary metafunctions as arguments, it is a lazy template metafunction.

#### letter_expected

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct letter_expected;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that a letter character was expected at a specific location.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/letter_expected.hpp>

#### letter

## Synopsis

    struct letter;

This is a parser.

## Description

Parser accepting one character in the range `a-z` or `A-Z`. The result of the parser is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/letter.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following are equivalent:

    letter

    accept_when<one_char, util::is_letter<>, error::letter_expected>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/letter.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<letter::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("a"), start>>::type::value,
      "letter should accept a letter"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<letter::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>>::type::value,
      "letter should reject a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        letter::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("z"), start>
      >::type::value == 'z',
      "the result of parsing should be the character value"
    );

#### lit_c

## Synopsis

    template <char C>
    struct lit;

This is a parser.

Table 20.55. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | `char` value

## Description

Parser accepting only the `C` character. The result of parsing is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c` character the following are equivalent:

    lit_c<c>

    lit<boost::mpl::char_<c>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      is_error<lit_c<'x'>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("a"), start>>::type::value,
      "a different character should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<lit_c<'x'>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "empty input should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        lit_c<'x'>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>
      >::type::value == 'x',
      "result of parsing should be the accepted character"
    );

#### literal_expected

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      template <char C>
      struct literal_expected;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

Table 20.56. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | `char` value

## Description

Template class representing the error that a specific literal was expected. `C` is the literal that was expected but not found.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/literal_expected.hpp>

#### lit

## Synopsis

    template <class C>
    struct lit;

This is a parser.

Table 20.57. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | boxed character value

## Description

Parser accepting only the `C` character. The result of parsing is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/lit.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c` boxed character the following are equivalent:

    lit<c>

    accept_when<
      one_char,
      boost::mpl::lambda<boost::mpl::equal_to<boost::mpl::_1, c>>::type,
      error::literal_expected<c::type::value>
    >

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/lit.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        lit<std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>>
          ::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("a"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "a different character should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        lit<std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>>
          ::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>
      >::type::value,
      "empty input should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        lit<std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>>
          ::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>
      >::type::value == 'x',
      "result of parsing should be the accepted character"
    );

#### look_ahead

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct look_ahead;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.58. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

Parses the input using parser `P`. When `P` returns an error, `look_ahead` returns the error. When `P` returns a result, `look_ahead` returns the result without consuming anything from the input string.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/look_ahead.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    look_ahead<p>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    return_<get_result<p::apply<s, pos>>::type>::apply<s, pos>

when `p::apply<s, pos>` succeeds. It is

    p::apply<s, pos>

otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/look_ahead.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        look_ahead<int_>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "it should return the same result as the wrapped parser"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"),
        get_remaining<
          look_ahead<int_>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "it should not consume any input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        look_ahead<int_>::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("six"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should fail when the wrapped parser fails"
    );

#### Template metafunction class

A template metafunction class is a type with a public nested template metafunction called `apply`. Since it is a type, it can be passed to template metafunctions as arguments and metafunctions can return it as their result. This makes it possible to implement higher-order template metafunctions, which are template metafunctions taking template metafunctions as arguments or returning template metafunctions as their result.

For example this is the identity template metafunction class:

    struct identity
    {
      template <class T>
      struct apply
      {
        using type = T;
      };
      using type = identity;
    };

This metafunction class is called `identity`. It takes one argument, `T`. The result of calling this metafunction class is its argument, `T`. Note that the `identity` metafunction class is also a template metaprogramming value, so it can be an argument or the result of a template metafunction.

To call this metafunction, one has to call the nested template metafunction. For example:

    identity::apply<std::integral_constant<int, 13>>::type

The above example calls the metafunction class `identity` with `std::integral_constant<int, 13>` as its argument.

#### Template metafunction

A template metafunction represents a function over types that is evaluated at compile-time. It is implemented by a template class.

The template arguments of that class are expected to be types (`class` or `typename` template arguments). They represent the arguments of the metafunction.

Instances of the template class are expected to have a public nested type called `type`. This type is the type the metafunction returns.

Template metafunction are expected to be called with template metaprogramming values as arguments only.

Template metafunctions are expected to return template metaprogramming values.

For example this is the identity template metafunction:

    template <class T>
    struct identity
    {
      using type = T;
    };

This metafunction is called `identity`. It takes one argument, `T`. The result of calling this metafunction is its argument, `T`.

To call this metafunction, one has to instantiate the template class. The template arguments it is instantiated with are the arguments the metafunction is called with. For example:

    identity<std::integral_constant<int, 13>>::type

The above example calls the metafunction `identity` with `std::integral_constant<int, 13>` as its argument.

#### Template metaprogramming value

A template metaprogramming value is a nullary template metafunction returning itself. For example:

    struct void_
    {
      using type = void_;
    };

This template metaprogramming value is called `void_`. It is a nullary metafunction returning itself as its result. Because of this, it can be treated as a nullary metafunction and evaluated any number of times. For example `void_::type::type::type` is still `void_`.

#### middle_of

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, class P2, class P3>
    struct middle_of;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.59. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` | parser
`P2` | parser
`P3` | parser

## Description

`middle_of` applies `P1`, `P2` and `P3` in sequence. It accepts an input when all of these three parsers accept it. The result of parsing is the result of `P2`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/middle_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p1`, `p2` and `p3` parsers

    middle_of<p1, p2, p3>

is equivalent to

    nth_of<1, p1, p2, p3>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/middle_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using left_paren_token = token<lit_c<'('>>;
    using right_paren_token = token<lit_c<')'>>;

    using int_in_parens = middle_of<left_paren_token, int_token, right_paren_token>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("(13)"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "it should return the result of the middle parser"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when there are no parens"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("(13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when there is no closing paren"
    );

#### next_char

## Synopsis

    template <class SourcePosition, class Ch>
    struct next_char;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.60. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`SourcePosition` | source position
`Ch` | boxed character value. The character `SourcePosition` points to in the input.

## Description

Returns a new source position, pointing to the next character of the same line.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/next_char.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `s` source position and `c` wrapped character the following are equivalent

    get_col<next_char<s, c>>

    boost::mpl::plus<get_col<s>::type, boost::mpl::int_<1>>

    get_line<next_char<s, c>>

    get_line<s>

    get_prev_char<next_char<s, c>>::type

    c

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/next_char.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_col.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_line.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_prev_char.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_source_position
    {
      using type =
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
        >;
    };

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      get_col<
        next_char<
          source_position<
            std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
          >,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>
        >
      >::type::value == 14,
      "it should increase the column component of the source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_line<
        next_char<
          source_position<
            std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
          >,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>
        >
      >::type::value == 11,
      "it should not increase the line component of the source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_prev_char<
        next_char<
          source_position<
            std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
          >,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'x'>
        >
      >::type::value == 'x',
      "it should update the prev char component of the source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_col<next_char<returns_source_position, returns_char>>::type::value == 14,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### next_line

## Synopsis

    template <class SourcePosition, class Ch>
    struct next_line;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.61. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`SourcePosition` | source position
`Ch` | boxed character value. The character `SourcePosition` points to in the input.

## Description

Returns a new source position, pointing to the beginning of the next line.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/next_line.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `s` source position and `c` wrapped character the following are equivalent

    get_col<next_line<s, c>>::type

    boost::mpl::int_<1>

    get_line<next_line<s, c>>

    boost::mpl::plus<get_line<s>::type, boost::mpl::int_<1>>

    get_prev_char<next_line<s, c>>::type

    c

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/next_line.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_col.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_line.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_prev_char.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    struct returns_source_position
    {
      using type =
        source_position<
          std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
          std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
          std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
        >;
    };

    struct returns_char
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<char, '\n'>;
    };

    static_assert(
      get_col<
        next_line<
          source_position<
            std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
          >,
          std::integral_constant<char, '\n'>
        >
      >::type::value == 1,
      "it should set the column to 1"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_line<
        next_line<
          source_position<
            std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
          >,
          std::integral_constant<char, '\n'>
        >
      >::type::value == 12,
      "it should increase the line component of the source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_prev_char<
        next_line<
          source_position<
            std::integral_constant<int, 11>,
            std::integral_constant<int, 13>,
            std::integral_constant<char, 'a'>
          >,
          std::integral_constant<char, '\n'>
        >
      >::type::value == '\n',
      "it should update the prev char component of the source position"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_col<next_line<returns_source_position, returns_char>>::type::value == 1,
      "it should support lazy evaluation"
    );

#### none_of_the_expected_cases_found

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct none_of_the_expected_cases_found;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that none of a list of parsers could parse the input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/none_of_the_expected_cases_found.hpp>

#### nth_of_c

## Synopsis

    template <int N, class P0, /* ... */, class Pk>
    struct nth_of_c;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.62. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`N` | `int` value in the range `[0..k]`
`P0`..`Pk` | parsers

## Description

`nth_of_c` applies the `P0` .. `Pk` parsers in sequence. It accepts an input when all of these parsers accept it. The result of parsing is the result of the `N`. parser.

The maximum number of parsers `nth_of_c` accepts can be specified with the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_SEQUENCE_SIZE` macro. Its default value is `5`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/nth_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p0`, ..., `pn` parsers and `k` integer value, where `0 <= k < n` the following are equivalent

    nth_of_c<k, p0, ..., pn>

    transform<sequence<p0, ..., pn>, boost::mpl::at_c<boost::mpl::_1, k>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/nth_of_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using left_paren_token = token<lit_c<'('>>;
    using right_paren_token = token<lit_c<')'>>;

    using int_in_parens =
      nth_of_c<1, left_paren_token, int_token, right_paren_token>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("(13)"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "it should return the result of the second parser"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when there are no parens"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("(13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when there is no closing paren"
    );

#### nth_of

## Synopsis

    template <class N, class P0, /* ... */, class Pk>
    struct nth_of;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.63. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`N` | boxed integer value in the range `[0..k]`
`P0`..`Pk` | parsers

## Description

`nth_of` applies the `P0` .. `Pk` parsers in sequence. It accepts an input when all of these parsers accept it. The result of parsing is the result of the `N`. parser.

The maximum number of parsers `nth_of` accepts can be specified with the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_SEQUENCE_SIZE` macro. Its default value is `5`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/nth_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p0`, ..., `pn` parsers and `k` boxed integer value the following are equivalent

    nth_of<k, p0, ..., pn>

    nth_of_c<k::type::value, p0, ..., pn>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/nth_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using left_paren_token = token<lit_c<'('>>;
    using right_paren_token = token<lit_c<')'>>;

    using int_in_parens =
      nth_of<
        std::integral_constant<int, 1>,
        left_paren_token, int_token, right_paren_token
      >;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("(13)"), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "it should return the result of the second parser"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when there are no parens"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        int_in_parens::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("(13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "it should reject the input when there is no closing paren"
    );

#### Nullary template metafunction

A nullary template metafuncion is a template metafunction taking 0 arguments. It is a type with a nested type called `type`, which is the return value of the nullary metafunction. For example:

    struct always13
    {
      using type = std::integral_constant<int, 13>;
    };

This metafunction is called `always13`. It is a nullary metafunction, because it takes no arguments. It always returns `std::integral_constant<int, 13>`.

To call this metafunction, one has to access its `::type`. For example:

    always13::type

The above example calls the metafunction to get `std::integral_constant<int, 13>`.

#### one_char_except_c

## Synopsis

    template <char C1, char C2, /* ... */, char Cn>
    struct one_char_except_c;

This is a parser.

Table 20.64. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C1`..`Cn` | character values

## Description

`one_char_except_c` accepts one character except any of `C1` ... `Cn`. When the input is empty or begins with one of the non-accepted characters, `one_char_except_c` rejects the input. Otherwise it accepts the input and the result of parsing is the character value.

The maximum number of template arguments this class can have is the value the macro `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_ONE_CHAR_EXCEPT_SIZE` expands to. Its default value is 10.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char_except_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `s` compile-time string and `c1`, ..., `cn` characters the following are equivalent

    one_char_except_c<c1, ..., cn>::apply<s, pos>

    boost::metaparse::one_char::apply<s, pos>

when `s` is empty or it begins with a character other than `c1`, ..., `cn`. Otherwise `one_char_except_c<c1, ..., cn>::appl<s, pos>` returns a parsing error.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char_except_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/middle_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/char.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using string_literal_parser =
      middle_of<lit_c<'"'>, repeated<one_char_except_c<'"'>>, lit_c<'"'>>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'h'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'e'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'l'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'l'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'o'>
        >,
        get_result<
          string_literal_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("\"hello\""), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "it should return the content of the string literal"
    );

#### one_char_except

## Synopsis

    template <class C1, class C2, /* ... */, class Cn>
    struct one_char_except;

This is a parser.

Table 20.65. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C1`..`Cn` | boxed character values

## Description

`one_char_except` accepts one character except any of `C1` ... `Cn`. When the input is empty or begins with one of the non-accepted characters, `one_char_except` rejects the input. Otherwise it accepts the input and the result of parsing is the character value.

The maximum number of template arguments this class can have is the value the macro `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_ONE_CHAR_EXCEPT_SIZE` expands to. Its default value is 10.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char_except.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c1`, ..., `cn` boxed characters the following are equivalent

    one_char_except<c1, ..., cn>

    one_char_except_c<c1::type::value, ..., cn::type::value>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char_except.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/middle_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/char.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using string_literal_parser =
      middle_of<
        lit_c<'"'>,
        repeated<one_char_except<std::integral_constant<char, '"'>>>,
        lit_c<'"'>
      >;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'h'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'e'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'l'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'l'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'o'>
        >,
        get_result<
          string_literal_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("\"hello\""), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "it should return the content of the string literal"
    );

#### one_char

## Synopsis

    struct one_char;

This is a parser.

## Description

`one_char` accepts one character. The result of parsing is the accepted character. It fails for empty input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `s` non-empty compile-time string and `pos` source position the following are equivalent

    get_result<one_char::apply<s, pos>>

    boost::mpl::front<s>

    get_remaining<one_char::apply<s, pos>>

    boost::mpl::pop_front<s>

The value of `get_position<one_char::apply<s, pos>>` depends on the first character of the sequence and the value of the one parsed before that (which is stored in the source position). `one_char` updates the source position's `col` and `line` values based on the new line characters. It detects Linux (`\n`), Windows (`\r\n`) and Mac (`\r`) line endings.

`one_char::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), pos>` returns an error for every `pos` source position.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_char.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        one_char::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>
      >::type::value == 'f',
      "the result of parsing should be the first character of the input"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("oo"),
        get_remaining<one_char::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "one_char should consume the first character of the input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<one_char::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "it should return an error for empty input"
    );

#### one_of_c

## Synopsis

    template <long P1, long P2, /* ... */ long Pn>
    struct one_of_c;

This is a parser.

Table 20.66. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | character values

## Description

It accepts inputs beginning with any of the `P1`, ..., `Pn` characters. The result of parsing is the first character of the input.

The maximum number of characters that can be provided is defined by the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_ONE_OF_SIZE` macro. Its default value is `20`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_of_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c1`, ..., `cn` characters

    one_of_c<c1, ..., cn>

is equivalent to

    one_of<lit_c<c1>, /* ... */, lit_c<cn>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_of_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using whitespace = one_of_c<' ', '\n', '\r', '\t', '\v'>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        whitespace::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(" "), start>
      >::type::value == ' ',
      "the result of parsing should be the first character of the input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<whitespace::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "it should return an error when the input does not begin with a whitespace"
    );

#### one_of

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, class P2, /* ... */, class Pn>
    struct one_of;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.67. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | parsers

## Description

It accepts an input when any of the `P1`, ... `Pn` parsers accept it. The result of parsing is the result of applying the first parser that accepts the input. The parsers are tried in order, therefore in case of ambiguous grammars the result of parsing depends on the order of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers.

The maximum number of accepted parsers is defined by the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_ONE_OF_SIZE` macro. Its default value is `20`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p1`, ..., `pn` parsers, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    one_of<p1, ..., pn>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    pk::apply<s, pos>

when there is a `k`, that `pi::apply<s, pos>::type` returns an error for every `i` in the range `[1..k)` and `pk::apply<s, pos>::type` doesn't return an error.

The parser combinator returns an error when there is no such `k`.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/one_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using whitespace =
      one_of<lit_c<' '>, lit_c<'\n'>, lit_c<'\r'>, lit_c<'\t'>, lit_c<'\v'>>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        whitespace::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(" "), start>
      >::type::value == ' ',
      "the result of parsing should be the first character of the input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<whitespace::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "it should return an error when the input does not begin with a whitespace"
    );

#### optional

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class Default = /* unspecified */>
    struct optional;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.68. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`Default` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

It tries parsing the input with `P`. When `P` succeeds, the result of parsing is the result of `P`. Otherwise no characters are consumed and the result of parsing is `Default`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/optional.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `d` template metaprogramming value

    optional<p, d>

is equivalent to

    one_of<p, return_<d>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/optional.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/middle_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/sequence.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/equal_to.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector_c.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using complex_number =
      sequence<
        // Real
        int_,

        // Imaginary
        optional<
          middle_of<lit_c<'+'>, int_, lit_c<'i'>>,
          boost::mpl::int_<0>
        >
      >
    ;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector_c<int, 1, 0>,
        get_result<
          complex_number::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1"), start>
        >::type,

        boost::mpl::equal_to<boost::mpl::_, boost::mpl::_>
      >::type::value,
      "No imaginary"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector_c<int, 1, 0>,
        get_result<
          complex_number::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1+0i"), start>
        >::type,

        boost::mpl::equal_to<boost::mpl::_, boost::mpl::_>
      >::type::value,
      "0 as imaginary"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector_c<int, 0, 1>,
        get_result<
          complex_number::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0+1i"), start>
        >::type,

        boost::mpl::equal_to<boost::mpl::_, boost::mpl::_>
      >::type::value,
      "Non-null imaginary"
    );

#### Parser combinator

A parser combinator is a parser implemented as a template class taking one or more parsers as arguments.

#### Parser

A parser is a template metafunction class that takes the following arguments:

- a suffix of the input text, a `string`
- a source position describing at which position of the entire input text the suffix begins at

The function parses a prefix of the input string. When the parsing is successful, it returns an `accept` value. When there is a parsing error, the parser returns a `reject` value. The `is_error` metafunction can be used to determine about the result of a parser if it succeeded or failed.

The documentation refers often to the result of a parser. This means that the parser accepts the input and refers to what `get_result` returns for the value returned by the parser.

#### Parsing error message

A parsing error message is a template metaprogramming value with a `static std::string get_value()` member function. This function returns the pretty-printed version of the error the class represents. For example:

    struct example_error
    {
      using type = example_error;

      static std::string get_value()
      {
        return "This is a formatted example error."
      }
    };

Failing parsers return parsing error messages as error messages.

#### Predicate

A predicate (or unary predicate) is a template metafunction class taking one argument and returning a boxed value of type `bool`.

For example the following predicate checks if its argument is the boxed `char` value `x`:

    struct is_x
    {
      template <class C>
      struct apply
      {
        static constexpr bool value = (C::value == 'x');
        using type = apply;
      };

      using type = is_x;
    };

#### range_c

## Synopsis

    template <char From, char To>
    struct range_c;

This is a parser.

Table 20.69. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`From` | character value
`To` | character value

## Description

`range_c` accepts one character in the range `[From..To]`. The result of the parser is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/range_c.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `A`, `B` characters the following are equivalent:

    range_c<A, B>

    accept_when<
      one_char,
      util::in_range_c<char, A, B>,
      errors::unexpected_character
    >

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/range_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using one_digit = range_c<'0', '9'>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<one_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>>::type::value,
      "one_digit should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<one_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "one_digit should reject a value outside of ['0'..'9']"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        one_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value == '0',
      "the result of parsing should be the character value"
    );

#### range

## Synopsis

    template <class From, class To>
    struct range;

This is a parser.

Table 20.70. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`From` | boxed character value
`To` | boxed character value

## Description

`range` accepts one character in the range `[From..To]`. The result of the parser is the accepted character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/range.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `A`, `B` wrapped characters the following are equivalent:

    range<A, B>

    accept_when<one_char, util::in_range<A, B>, errors::unexpected_character>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/range.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using one_digit =
      range<std::integral_constant<char, '0'>, std::integral_constant<char, '9'>>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<one_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>>::type::value,
      "one_digit should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<one_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "one_digit should reject a value outside of ['0'..'9']"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        one_digit::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value == '0',
      "the result of parsing should be the character value"
    );

#### reject

## Synopsis

    template <class Msg, class Pos>
    struct reject;

This is a template metaprogramming value.

Table 20.71. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`Msg` | template metaprogramming value
`Pos` | source position

## Description

Values representing a failed parser application. It behaves as a lazy template metafunction: when it is evaluated as a metafunction, it returns itself with its arguments evaluated. See expression semantics for further details.

| Note
Note that for backward compatibility when `Msg::type` is not defined, `reject<....>::type` does not evaluate `Msg`. For example `reject<int, start>::type` is `reject<int, start::type>`. Using types that are not template metaprogramming values as `Msg` is deprecated and will not work in future versions of the library.

## Expressions semantics

For any `m` template metaprogramming value and `p` source position the following are equivalent:

    reject<m, p>::type

    reject<m, p::type>

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>

## Operations

- `get_position`
- `get_message`

#### repeated1

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct repeated1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.72. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

It applies `P` on the input string repeatedly as long as the parser accepts the input. The result of parsing is a sequence of the results of the individual applications of `P`.

When `P` rejects the input for the first time, `repeated1` rejects it as well. At least one successful application of `P` is required for `repeated1` to accept the input.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser the following are equivalent:

    repeated1<p>

    last_of<look_ahead<p>, repeated<p>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/digit_val.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using digits = repeated1<digit_val>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        get_result<digits::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1234"), start>>::type,
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::int_<1>,
          boost::mpl::int_<2>,
          boost::mpl::int_<3>,
          boost::mpl::int_<4>
        >
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the list of digit values"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<digits::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "repeated1 should reject the input when it can't parse anything with digit_val"
    );

#### repeated_reject_incomplete1

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct repeated_reject_incomplete1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.73. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

The same as `repeated1`, but once `P` rejects the input, `repeated_reject_incomplete1` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `repeated_reject_incomplete1` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise _reject_incomplete`repeated1` accepts the input and gives the same result as `repeated1`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_reject_incomplete1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    repeated_reject_incomplete1<p>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<repeated1<p>, fail_at_first_char_expected<p> >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_reject_incomplete1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector_c.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;

    using ints = repeated_reject_incomplete1<plus_int>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector_c<int, 13, 3, 21>,
        get_result<
          ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "ints should parse the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>>::type::value,
      "when no numbers are provided, it should be an error"
    );

#### repeated_reject_incomplete

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct repeated_reject_incomplete;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.74. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

The same as `repeated`, but once `P` rejects the input, `repeated_reject_incomplete` checks if `P` consumes any characters before rejecting the input. If so, `repeated_reject_incomplete` rejects the input with the same error message this last application of `P` returned. Otherwise `repeated_reject_incomplete` accepts the input and gives the same result as `repeated`.

Here is a diagram showing how `repeated_reject_incomplete` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;
    using sum_op = mpl::lambda<mpl::plus<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>>::type;

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_reject_incomplete.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    repeated_reject_incomplete<p>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to

    first_of<repeated<p>, fail_at_first_char_expected<p> >::apply<s, pos>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_reject_incomplete.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector_c.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;
    using plus_int = last_of<plus_token, int_token>;

    using ints = repeated_reject_incomplete<plus_int>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        boost::mpl::vector_c<int, 13, 3, 21>,
        get_result<
          ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 + 21"), start>
        >::type
      >::type::value,
      "ints should parse the numbers"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        ints::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("+ 13 + 3 +"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "when the last number is missing, it should be an error"
    );

#### repeated_one_of1

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, class P2, /* ... */, class Pn>
    struct repeated_one_of1;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.75. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | parsers

## Description

It applies the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers repeatedly as long as any of them accepts the input. In each iteration the parsers are tried in order and the first one accepting the input is used, therefore in case of ambiguous grammars the result of parsing depends on the order of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers. The result of parsing with this parser combinator is a sequence of the individual parsing results.

When none of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers accept the input in the first iteration, `repeated_one_of1` rejects the input.

The maximum number of accepted parsers is defined by the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_ONE_OF_SIZE` macro. Its default value is 20.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_one_of1.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p1`, ..., `pn` parsers

    repeated_one_of1<p1, /* ... */, pn>

is equivalent to

    repeated1<one_of<p1, /* ... */, pn>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_one_of1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/char.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using as_and_bs = repeated_one_of1<lit_c<'a'>, lit_c<'b'>>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        get_result<as_and_bs::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("abaab"), start>>::type,
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'a'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'b'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'a'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'a'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'b'>
        >
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the list of results"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<as_and_bs::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "repeated_one_of1 should reject the input when it"
      " can't parse anything with digit_val"
    );

#### repeated_one_of

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, class P2, /* ... */, class Pn>
    struct repeated_one_of1;

Table 20.76. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | parsers

This is a parser combinator.

## Description

It applies the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers repeatedly as long as any of them accepts the input. In each iteration the parsers are tried in order and the first one accepting the input is used, therefore in case of ambiguous grammars the result of parsing depends on the order of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers. The result of parsing with this parser combinator is a sequence of the individual parsing results.

When none of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers accept the input in the first iteration, `repeated_one_of` accepts the input and the result of parsing is an empty sequence.

The maximum number of accepted parsers is defined by the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_ONE_OF_SIZE` macro. Its default value is 20.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_one_of.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p1`, ..., `pn` parsers

    repeated_one_of<p1, /* ... */, pn>

is equivalent to

    repeated<one_of<p1, /* ... */, pn>>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated_one_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/char.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using as_and_bs = repeated_one_of<lit_c<'a'>, lit_c<'b'>>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        get_result<as_and_bs::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("abaab"), start>>::type,
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::char_<'a'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'b'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'a'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'a'>,
          boost::mpl::char_<'b'>
        >
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the list of results"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        get_result<as_and_bs::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type,
        boost::mpl::vector<>
      >::type::value,
      "repeated_one_of should accept the input when it"
      " can't parse anything with digit_val"
    );

#### repeated

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct repeated;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.77. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

It applies `P` on the input string repeatedly as long as `P` accepts the input. The result of parsing is a sequence of the results of the individual applications of `P`.

When `P` rejects the input for the first time, `repeated` still accepts the input and the result of parsing is an empty sequence.

Here is a diagram showing how `repeated` works by example:

    using int_token = token<int_>;

Further details can be found in the Repetition section of the User Manual.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser the following are equivalent:

    repeated<p>

    foldl<
      p,
      /* unspecified empty sequence */,
      boost::mpl::push_back<_2, _1>
    >

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/digit_val.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using digits = repeated<digit_val>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        get_result<digits::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1234"), start>>::type,
        boost::mpl::vector<
          boost::mpl::int_<1>,
          boost::mpl::int_<2>,
          boost::mpl::int_<3>,
          boost::mpl::int_<4>
        >
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the list of digit values"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::equal<
        get_result<digits::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type,
        boost::mpl::vector<>
      >::type::value,
      "repeated should accept the input when it can't parse anything with digit_val"
    );

#### return_

## Synopsis

    template <class C>
    struct return_;

This is a parser.

Table 20.78. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

`return_` accepts every input. The result of parsing is `C`, the remaining string is the input string.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/return_.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `c` class, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position the following are equivalent

    get_result<return_<c>::apply<s, pos>>::type

    c

    get_remaining<return_<c>::apply<s, pos>>::type

    s

    get_position<return_<c>::apply<s, pos>>::type

    pos

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/return_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/one_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using default_value = std::integral_constant<int, 13>;

    using optional_number = one_of<int_, return_<default_value>>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        optional_number::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("11"), start>
      >::type::value == 11,
      "when a number is provided, it is the result of parsing"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        optional_number::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""), start>
      >::type::value == 13,
      "when no number is provided, the default value is the result of parsing"
    );

#### sequence

## Synopsis

    template <class P1, /* ... */, class Pn>
    struct sequence;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.79. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P1` .. `Pn` | parser

## Description

`sequence` applies the `P1`, ..., `Pn` parsers in sequence on the input. It accepts an input when all of these parsers accept it. The result of parsing is a sequence of the results of the parsers.

The maximum number of parsers `sequence` accepts can be specified with the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_SEQUENCE_SIZE` macro. Its default value is `5`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/sequence.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `n > 0`, `p0`, ..., `pn` parsers the result of `sequence<p0, ..., p1>` is a compile-time sequence of the results of the parsers, applied after each other in order on the input string when none of them returns an error. The remaining string is the remaining string the last parser returns.

When one of the parsers returns an error, the combinator returns that error.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/sequence.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/at.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;
    using plus_token = token<lit_c<'+'>>;

    using a_plus_b = sequence<int_token, plus_token, int_token>;

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::at_c<
        get_result<a_plus_b::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1 + 2"), start>>::type,
        0
      >::type::value == 1,
      "the first element of the sequence should be the first number"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::at_c<
        get_result<a_plus_b::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1 + 2"), start>>::type,
        1
      >::type::value == '+',
      "the second element of the sequence should be the plus"
    );

    static_assert(
      boost::mpl::at_c<
        get_result<a_plus_b::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1 + 2"), start>>::type,
        2
      >::type::value == 2,
      "the third element of the sequence should be the second number"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<a_plus_b::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1 +"), start>>::type::value,
      "when not all of the parsers accept the input, sequence should fail"
    );

#### sequence_apply

## Synopsis

    template <template <class, ..., class> class T, class P1, ..., class Pn>
    struct sequence_applyn;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.80. Arguments

T | Template class taking `n` arguments
--- | ---
`P1`..`Pn` | parsers

## Description

It applies the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers on the input in order. When all of them succeed, the result of parsing with `sequence_applyn` is the `T` template class instantiated with the results of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers. When any of the `P1` ... `Pn` parsers reject the input, the error is propagated.

`n` has to be in the `[1..BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_SEQUENCE_SIZE)` range.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/sequence_apply.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `n > 0`, `p1` ... `pn` parsers, `t` template class with `n` `class` arguments, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position the following are equivalent:

    sequence_apply<t, p1, ..., pn>::apply<s, pos>::type

when `sequence``<p1, ..., pn>` accepts the input:

    return_<
      t<
        mpl::at_c<0, get_result<sequence<p1,...,pn>::apply<s, pos>>::type>::type,
        ...
        mpl::at_c<n, get_result<sequence<p1,...,pn>::apply<s, pos>>::type>::type,
      >
    >::apply<s, pos>::type

when `sequence``<p1, ..., pn>` rejects the input:

    sequence<p1, ..., pn>::apply<s, pos>::type

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/sequence_apply.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/middle_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/lit_c.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    template <int Real, int Imaginary>
    struct complex_c { typedef complex_c type; };

    template <class Real, class Imaginary>
    struct complex : complex_c<Real::type::value, Imaginary::type::value> {};

    typedef
      sequence_apply2<complex, int_, middle_of<lit_c<'+'>, int_, lit_c<'i'>>>
      complex_parser;

    static_assert(
      boost::is_same<
        complex_c<1, 2>,
        get_result<
          complex_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("1+2i"), start>
        >::type::type
      >::type::value,
      "the result of parsing should be the list of digit values"
    );

#### source_position

## Synopsis

    template <class Line, class Col, class PrevChar>
    struct source_position;

This is a template metaprogramming value.

Table 20.81. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`Line` | boxed integer value
`Col` | boxed integer value
`PrevChar` | boxed character value

## Description

Compile-time data-structure describing a position of the input text.

The values of this data-structure store the last character that was parsed before reaching the position of the input described by the `source_position` value.

Its tag is `source_position_tag`.

The beginning of the input text is represented by `start`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `l`, `c` compile-time boxed integral values and `p` compile-time boxed character value, the following are equivalent

    get_col<source_position<l, c, p>>::type
    c::type

    get_line<source_position<l, c, p>>::type
    l::type

    get_prev_char<source_position<l, c, p>>::type
    p::type

## Constant values of this type

- `start`

## Operations

- `boost::mpl::equal_to`
- `boost::mpl::greater`
- `boost::mpl::greater_equal`
- `boost::mpl::less`
- `boost::mpl::less_equal`
- `boost::mpl::not_equal_to`
- `get_col`
- `get_line`
- `get_prev_char`
- `next_char`
- `next_line`

#### source_position_tag

## Synopsis

    struct source_position_tag;

This is a tag.

## Description

This is the tag of the `source_position` values.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/source_position_tag.hpp>

#### space

## Synopsis

    struct space;

This is a parser.

## Description

`space` accepts one white space character. The result of parsing is the parsed character.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/space.hpp>

## Expression semantics

The following are equivalent:

    space

    accept_when<one_char, util::is_whitespace<>, errors::whitespace_expected>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/space.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(" foo"),
        get_remaining<space::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("  foo"), start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "it should consume the first space of the input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<space::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "it should return an error when the input does not begin with a whitespace"
    );

#### spaces

## Synopsis

    struct spaces;

This is a parser.

## Description

`spaces` accepts any number of whitespace characters. It requires at least one to be present.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/spaces.hpp>

## Expression semantics

    spaces

is equivalent to

    repeated1<space>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/spaces.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"),
        get_remaining<spaces::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("  foo"), start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "it should consume all whitespaces at the beginning of the input"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<spaces::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "it should return an error when the input does not begin with a whitespace"
    );

#### start

## Synopsis

    struct start;

This is a template metaprogramming value of type source position.

## Description

It represents the beginning of an input text.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>

#### string

## Synopsis

    template <char C1, ..., char Cn>
    struct string;

This is a template metaprogramming value.

Table 20.82. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`C1`..`Cn` | character values

## Description

Compile-time data-structure describing a string object. These string objects are compatible with `boost::mpl::string`, but they accept only individual characters as arguments. When `constexpr` is available, they can be constructed using the `BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING` macro.

The tag of the strings is `string_tag`.

C++98: The maximum length of these strings is controlled by the `BOOST_METAPARSE_LIMIT_STRING_SIZE` macro.

C++11: The strings use variadic templates.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using hello1 = string<'H','e','l','l','o'>;
    using hello2 = BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("Hello");

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        string<'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'>,
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("Hello")
      >::type::value,
      "The type generated by the macro should be identical to the hand-crafted one."
    );

#### string_tag

## Synopsis

    struct string_tag;

This is a tag.

## Description

This is the tag of the `string` values.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/string_tag.hpp>

#### Tag

A tag is a template metaprogramming value used to identify groups of values.

#### token

## Synopsis

    template <class P>
    struct token;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.83. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser

## Description

`token` parses the input using `P` when it succeeds, `token` consumes all whitespaces afterwards. The result of parsing is the result of `P`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser the following are equivalent:

    token<p>

    first_of<p, spaces>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/int_.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_remaining.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using int_token = token<int_>;

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_token::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13 "), start>
      >::type::value,
      "the result of int_token is the number"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING(""),
        get_remaining<int_token::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13 "), start>>::type
      >::type::value,
      "token consumes whitespaces after the number"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        int_token::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("13"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "whitespaces after the number are optional"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<int_token::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>>::type::value,
      "when there is no number, token fails"
    );

#### transform_error_message

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class F>
    struct transform_error_message;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.84. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`F` | template metafunction class taking one argument

## Description

It parses the input with `P`. When this succeeds, the result of parsing with `transform_error_message` will be the result of parsing with `P`. When it fails, the error `P` returns is forwarded to the caller of `transform_error_message`, but the message of it is transformed with `F`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/transform_error_message.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `f` metafunction class accepting one argument

    transform_error_message<p, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to `p::apply<s, pos>` when `p` accepts the input. It is equivalent to `reject<f::apply<get_message<p::apply<s, pos>>::type>, get_position<p::apply<s, pos>>>` otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/transform_error_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/letter.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/keyword.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(name_expected, "Name expected");

    struct return_name_expected
    {
      typedef return_name_expected type;

      template <class>
      struct apply : name_expected {};
    };

    using keyword_name = token<keyword<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name")>>;
    using name_token = token<repeated1<letter>>;

    using name_parser =
      last_of<
        keyword_name,
        transform_error_message<name_token, return_name_expected>
      >;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<
        name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name Bela"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "name_parser should accept \"name <a name>\""
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ?"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "name_parser should reject input when name is a question mark"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_message<
          name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ?"), start>
        >::type,
        name_expected
      >::type::value,
      "the error message should be the one specified by change_error_message"
    );

#### transform_error

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class F>
    struct transform_error;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.85. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`F` | template metafunction class taking one argument

## Description

It parses the input with `P`. When this succeeds, the result of parsing with `transform_error` will be the result of parsing with `P`. When it fails, `F` is evaluated with the error `P` returned as argument. Parsing with `transform_error` will fail and the error will be what `F` returns. Therefore, `F` is expected to accept and return a `reject` value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/transform_error.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser and `f` metafunction class accepting one argument

    transform_error<p, f>::apply<s, pos>

is equivalent to `p::apply<s, pos>` when `p` accepts the input. It is equivalent to `f::apply<p::apply<s, pos>::type>` otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/transform_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/repeated1.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/letter.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/keyword.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/last_of.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/token.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_message.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_position.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>

    #include <boost/mpl/lambda.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(name_expected, "Name expected");

    using keyword_name = token<keyword<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name")>>;
    using name_token = token<repeated1<letter>>;

    using name_parser =
      last_of<
        keyword_name,
        transform_error<
          name_token,
          boost::mpl::lambda<
            reject<name_expected, get_position<boost::mpl::_1> >
          >::type
        >
      >;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<
        name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name Bela"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "name_parser should accept \"name <a name>\""
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<
        name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ?"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "name_parser should reject input when name is a question mark"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        get_message<
          name_parser::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("name ?"), start>
        >::type,
        name_expected
      >::type::value,
      "the error message should be the one specified by change_error_message"
    );

#### transform

## Synopsis

    template <class P, class T>
    struct transform;

This is a parser combinator.

Table 20.86. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`P` | parser
`T` | template metafunction class taking one argument

## Description

`transform` parses the input using `P` and transforms the result `P` returns with `T`. The result of parsing is what `T` returns. When `P` fails, the failure is returned unchanged.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/transform.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `p` parser, `t` metafunction class accepting one argument, `s` compile-time string and `pos` source position

    get_result<transform<p, t>::apply<s, pos>>::type

is equivalent to

    t::apply<get_result<p::apply<s, pos>>::type>::type

When `p::apply<s, pos>` doesn't return an error. The combinator returns the error otherwise.

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/transform.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/digit.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/is_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/get_result.hpp>

    #include <boost/metaparse/util/digit_to_int.hpp>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    using digit_value = transform<digit, util::digit_to_int<>>;

    static_assert(
      !is_error<
        digit_value::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value,
      "digit_val should accept a digit"
    );

    static_assert(
      is_error<digit_value::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("x"), start>>::type::value,
      "digit_val should reject a character"
    );

    static_assert(
      get_result<
        digit_value::apply<BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("0"), start>
      >::type::value == 0,
      "the result of parsing should be the int value"
    );

#### unexpected_character

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct unexpected_character;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that a different character was expected than what was found at a specific location.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/unexpected_character.hpp>

#### unexpected_end_of_input

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct unexpected_end_of_input;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that the end of input has been reached while it should contain further characters.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/unexpected_end_of_input.hpp>

#### unless_error

## Synopsis

    template <class T, class NotErrorCase>
    struct unless_error;

This is a lazy template metafunction.

Table 20.87. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`T` | accept or reject value
`NotErrorCase` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

Checks if `T` is a parsing error or not. When it is, the result is `T`. When it is not, the result is `NotErrorCase`.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/unless_error.hpp>

## Expression semantics

For any `t` and `c` classes the following are equivalent:

    unless_error<t, c>

    boost::mpl::if_<is_error<t::type>::type, t, c>

## Example

    #include <boost/metaparse/unless_error.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/accept.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/reject.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/start.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/string.hpp>
    #include <boost/metaparse/define_error.hpp>

    #include <type_traits>

    using namespace boost::metaparse;

    BOOST_METAPARSE_DEFINE_ERROR(sample_error, "Sample error message");

    using accept1 =
      accept<std::integral_constant<int, 11>, BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("foo"), start>;

    using accept2 =
      accept<std::integral_constant<int, 13>, BOOST_METAPARSE_STRING("bar"), start>;

    using reject1 = reject<sample_error, start>;

    struct returns_accept1 { using type = accept1; };
    struct returns_accept2 { using type = accept2; };

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<accept2, unless_error<accept1, accept2>::type>::type::value,
      "it returns the second argument when the first argument is an accept"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<reject1, unless_error<reject1, accept2>::type>::type::value,
      "it returns the first argument when that is a reject"
    );

    static_assert(
      std::is_same<
        accept2,
        unless_error<returns_accept1, returns_accept2>::type
      >::type::value,
      "it supports lazy evaluation"
    );

#### unpaired

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      template <int Line, int Col, class Msg = boost::mpl::na>
      struct unpaired;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

Table 20.88. Arguments

Name | Type
--- | ---
`Line` | `int` value
`Col` | `int` value
`Msg` | template metaprogramming value

## Description

Template class representing the error that the closing element of an "opening element ... closing element" structure is missing. (eg. a closing paren is missing). `Line` and `Col` point to the beginning of the opening element (eg. the opening paren). `Msg` is the error message the parser trying to parse the closing element failed with.

It supports currying: `unpaired<Line, Col>` is a template metafunction class taking one argument: the `Msg` element and returning the corresponding `unpaired` value.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/unpaired.hpp>

#### whitespace_expected

## Synopsis

    namespace error
    {
      struct whitespace_expected;
    }

This is a parsing error message.

## Description

Class representing the error that a whitespace character was expected at a specific location.

## Header

    #include <boost/metaparse/error/whitespace_expected.hpp>